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Extra info for New Encyclopedia of Africa Vol 2
Example text
New York: Norton, 2005. Bayart, Jean-Franc¸ois. The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly. London: Longman, 1993. Berman, Bruce, and John Lonsdale. Unhappy Valley: Conflict in Kenya and Africa, Book Two: Violence and Ethnicity. London: James Currey, 1992. Bernault, Florence. De´mocraties ambigue¨s en Afrique Centrale: Congo-Brazzaville, Gabon: 1940–1965. Paris: Karthala, 1996. Birmingham, David, and Phyllis Martin, eds. History of Central Africa: The Contemporary Years since 1960. London: Longman, 1998.
Hopkins, A. G. An Economic History of West Africa. London: Longman, 1973. Monga, Ce´lestin. ’’ In Themes in West Africa’s History, ed. Emmanuel Akyeampong. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2005. Rodney, Walter. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1982. World Bank. Can Africa Claim the 21st Century? Washington, DC: World Bank. 2000. CE´LESTIN MONGA EN TR US TMEN T Loans and entrustments are part of human life in any part of Africa as elsewhere. Credit, in the sense of a loan, refers to the transfer of a good or service between persons or groups on the understanding that the recipient(s) will later return some quantity of the same or another good or service.
Credit and the debt it implies can involve intimates or strangers. Many of their forms are nonmonetary, hard to quantify, or not strictly economic in nature. Calling these entrustment and obligation allows more scope for social, political, religious, aesthetic, and emotional considerations. An entrustment, however, need not always be returned to its source but may be expected to be passed along instead to some third party, as for instance in serial inheritance, in which one can satisfy a perceived obligation to a parent or ancestor by handing along something to one’s own progeny in turn.