By William Tordoff

This up-to-date version on African executive and politics offers accomplished insurance of the modern politics of the continent set in a transparent historic context. each one bankruptcy has been completely revised to take account of advancements and study and a very new bankruptcy extra on political liberalisation and fiscal reform. This version additionally supplies additional insurance of North and South Africa and of such key concerns as debt, the Aids epidemic, the location of ladies and the politics of patronage.

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Glickman, H. ), Political Leaders of Contemporary Africa South of the Sahara. : Greenwood Press, 1992). Hyden, G. and Bratton, M. : Lynne Rienner, 1992). , Africans. The History of a Continent (Cambridge University Press, 1995). Limqueco, P. and McFarlane, B. (eds), Neo-Marxist Theories of Development (London: Croom Helm, 1983). Randall, V. , Political Change and Underdevelopment. A Critical Introduction to Third World Politics (London: Macmillan, 1985). Schraeder, P. , African Politics and Society.

The Portuguese economy received a much-needed boost, but Portugal, still an underdeveloped country, could make its manufactured goods competitive in the European market only if it retained a cheap supply of raw materials. For this Portugal looked to its colonies, which also imported more than a third of its cotton manufactures, served as a refuge for unemployed Portuguese peasants, and acted as a major source of foreign exchange. 17 It should be emphasised, however, that this periodisation is inexact and more relevant to France and Britain than the other European powers.

Until the nineteenth century, Portuguese and other European traders dealt almost exclusively with African middle-men in their coastal stations; nevertheless, they succeeded in diverting African trade away from the transSaharan route, which linked Africa with the Maghreb, and thus increased the power and wealth of the coastal states at the expense of the states in the Western Sudan. This pattern of coastal trading began to change, however, when the slave trade was supplanted by legitimate commerce and the interior of the continent was gradually penetrated by explorers and missionaries, culminating in the period of European empire building.

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