By I. Gunsalus (Eds.)
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Wet weight, or a t a b o u t 7 5 % water, ca. 28 Χ 1 0 " g. d r y weight. Therefore, 1 Mg. 6 Χ 10 cells, or: 49 12 12 6 Similarly, Κ a n d Y can be related t o cell n u m b e r . T h e a d v a n t a g e of t h e chemostat (continuous flow) over t h e growth t u b e (static) for measuring growth yield is illustrated b y a n experiment of B a u c h a p and Elsden with S. , 72 citrulline + A D P + iP -+ ornithine + C 0 + N H + ATP 2 3 (28) Static growth experiments gave erratic values. I n t h e chemostat, repro ducible values were obtained in line with t h e chemical a n d enzymic evi dence of A T P yield and earlier static growth experiments in a yeast extractt r y p t o n e medium.
If the pathway is through isocitrate, with a TPN-linked dehydrogenase, the electrons may not be available for energy couple, or they may be diverted to the reduc tion of substrates to cellular material. Certainly this increment does not represent a value greater than the succinate-fumarate difference; one would predict a higher value in DPN-mediated electron-transport coupled energy below flavoprotein. The pathway from citrate may be via an isocitritase with succinate and glyoxalate as oxidizable substrates; if so, the growth yield should represent succinate plus any utility of glyoxalate oxidation.
A further discussion of mechanisms is given in Section I I I . T h e currently available d a t a , in m a n y cases suggestive, are discussed briefly t o illustrate t h e problems. Solutions clarifying these concepts m a y well be developed from growth a n d other whole organism studies, leading ultimately t o clarification of enzymic steps a n d reaction p a t h w a y s . 16 2 78 160 C. FORMATE AND C 0 2 PRODUCTION A T P is generated from t h e fermentation of several substrates b y steps other t h a n triosephosphate or p y r u v a t e oxidation.