By Evanthia Diamanti-Kandarakis, Andrea C. Gore
Endocrine disruption represents the most arguable environmental problems with our time. Mounting proof stemming from greater than 10 years of experimental, epidemiological and scientific reviews has reworked the as soon as often discounted topic of endocrine disruptors into a topic of super main issue not just in the medical neighborhood yet between society as a complete. Following preliminary proof from simple examine, endocrine disruption in people has now emerged as a huge clinical problem. during this recognize, puberty, a very important developmental level, has been definitively pointed out as a key window of vulnerability with reference to endocrine disruptors. Written by means of prime gurus within the box, Endocrine Disruptors and Puberty deals an attractive and finished assessment of this interesting and swiftly transforming into challenge. An critical source for all clinicians and scientists attracted to this not easy endocrinologic subject, Endocrine Disruptors and Puberty is a well timed contribution that may support navigate a course towards knowing the matter and constructing ideas.
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The scrotum enlarges as the testicles reach between 6 and 12 ml in 24 R. McKinlay et al. Fig. 3 Development of the breasts and pubic hair at the five Tanner stages volume, and the breasts of girls begin to become elevated compared to the surrounding skin and begin to extend beyond the areola, which continue to enlarge. In both sexes, the pubic hair extends laterally and begins to darken, coarsen and curl. In stage 4, the pubic hair becomes fully adult in texture, covering the pubis but not the inner thigh.
Hypospadias is the most common congenital human deformity, affecting 1 in 125 live male births, and both genetic and environmental factors are implicated in its aetiology [43, 44]. Pseudohermaphroditism is less frequent and usually results from genetic mutations that affect either the androgen receptor [45–47] or testosterone/dihydrotestosterone synthesis [47]. Associations made between increasing incidences of hypospadias, cryptorchidism, and later poor semen quality and testicular cancer have led to the hypothesis that these conditions may be part of a single underlying condition, testicular dysgenesis syndrome, which arises from disruption of the androgen-dependant processes involved in the development of the male reproductive tract [48].
Fig. 5 (a) Mechanisms of genomic inhibition of steroid-mediated transcription by ligand-activated AhR. Transcriptional inhibition depends on iXREs within promoter regions of oestrogen-regulated 2 In Utero Exposure to Environmental Chemicals… 29 oocytes reaching metaphase II, and may reduce oocyte fertilization rates in adulthood [140]. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) plays a key role in the death of oocytes during ovarian development [141]. The interaction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tobacco smoke with the AhR is thought to be at least partly responsible for the reduced oocyte numbers and viability observed in the daughters of smokers, as emphasized by a recent study of differentiated human embryonic stem cells as an analogue of germ cells [142].