By Dr Antonio Gulli

A suite of layout styles applied in C++

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A typical use is with a tree-like object composition. In this example the Component class is implemented according to a pure virtual method traverse, which is implemented at its turn by the subclass Leaf and by the subclass Composite. In addition Composite maintains a vector of pointers where Components are inserted. This vector is used to iterate the whole structure. Code namespace Composite{ // Compose objects into tree structures to represent // whole-part hierarchies. traverse(); } 10. Implementing the Decorator pattern Solution The decorator pattern is used to add additional behaviours to a method that is already existing for an object.

This vector is used to iterate the whole structure. Code namespace Composite{ // Compose objects into tree structures to represent // whole-part hierarchies. traverse(); } 10. Implementing the Decorator pattern Solution The decorator pattern is used to add additional behaviours to a method that is already existing for an object. In certain situations the existing behaviour is completely overridden. Those additional behaviours can be either permanent, or transient, or dynamically added at run-time.

In this example the class Observer is implemented according to a pure virtual method update which is itself implemented by subclasses a_observer and b_observer. The class subject keeps a vector of observers which are notified by calling the method notify(). Note that new observers can be dynamically attached to existing lists. Code namespace Observer{ // when one object changes state, // all its dependents are notified and // updated automatically. set_value(3); } 21. Implementing the State pattern Solution The State pattern is used to allow an object to change his behaviour, when the internal state of the object itself is changing.

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