By Leroy H. Pelton

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Additional resources for The Psychology of Nonviolence. Pergamon General Psychology Series

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Yet the fact is that obedience was necessary for, and did contribute to, much of the massive slaughter of our time. The possibility that in the above studies the subjects could believe that they were helping the experimenter to achieve a worthy goal—the ad­ vancement of scientific knowledge—does not set them apart from other instances of destructive obedience. Those who give commands often hint at some worthy end. In a recent survey, it was found that when asked what they would do "if ordered to shoot all inhabitants of a Vietnamese village suspected of aiding the enemy, including old men, women and children," 51% of Americans who were sampled said that they would follow orders and shoot (Kelman and Lawrence, 1972).

W e see not a "blooming, buzzing confusion" but figural units segregated from other figural units and from the background on which they appear. Look at Fig. 2-5. The black area tends to be perceived as a figure on a white ground. The contour between the two areas is perceived as belonging to the black area, not the white, giving it shape as a figure, as a "thing," leaving the white area as a relatively formless ground. The ground seems to extend behind the figure, and the figure is experienced as nearer to the observer than the ground.

14 Violence and Nonviolence and viciousness) that bring them to participate in evil; rather, often only what we frequently praise people for (such as courage) allows them to withhold their contributions to evil—although, of course, courage can serve evil as well as good. The perpetration of massive evil can be facilitated by people who fail to exhibit the courage of dissent or disobedience. It is, however, always surprising to observe how slight a risk, how small a reward, and how minimal a threat of punishment, and indeed that fear of the most trivial form of social disapproval, is often enough to gain the compliance of people to do what they otherwise would not have done.

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