By F. Baldini (Editor), A. N. Chester (Editor), J. Homola (Editor)
This ebook covers optical chemical sensing via optical waveguides, from the basics to the latest purposes. The publication incorporates a ancient overview of the improvement of those sensors, from the earliest laboratory prototypes to the 1st advertisement instrumentations. The booklet reprints a lecture by way of the Nobel Laureate Charles Townes at the start of maser and laser, which lucidly illustrates the improvement of recent technological know-how and new expertise.
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Additional info for Optical Chemical Sensors (NATO Science Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry)
Sample text
However, one of the electrical engineers at the University of California, Jack Welch, was willing to work with me, and I could use his radio antenna. So I had a student, Albert Cheung, take a look, and he looked at these dark clouds in space, and sure enough, there was ammonia. Well, since we found ammonia, we thought, we ought to look for water too, just to try this out. So the student looked, and there was water radiation. In fact it was very intense – hey, it had to be a maser, maser amplification in interstellar space!
Printed in the Netherlands. H. Townes Energy concentration is even more important than power. With a laser, 10+15 or 10+16 watts can be concentrated in an area about the size of one wavelength, so we have maybe 10+23 watts per square centimeter. That’s a fantastic concentration of power, which produces new kinds of conditions and opens up some new science. But in addition to producing very high temperatures and fantastic power, the laser also has produced the coldest things we have ever known. It has produced new forms of matter that have temperatures below one millionth of one degree Absolute.
But I wanted to get into the far infrared. The maser had first operated in 1954 – and so, by the way, this is the fiftieth anniversary of the maser, as well as the fortieth anniversary of the Nobel Prize. Well, three years later, in 1957, I just wanted to get to shorter wavelengths. I said, well, I haven’t had any good ideas, I’m just going to sit down and work out what I think is the best way of trying do it. And I wrote down the equations about what was needed, and I said, it looks like it would be very practical to get right on down to optical wavelengths.