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Extra resources for My Revision Notes: AQA AS Chemistry
Example text
L This means there are 8 outer electrons in 4 pairs— 2 bonding pairs and 2 lone pairs. 5°). 13). 5°. 5° (as in water and hydrogen sulfide). Example Deduce the shape of a PF6− ion. Answer l Phosphorus is in group 5 of the periodic table and so its atoms have 5 outer electrons. l Each fluorine atom shares 1 electron to make a single covalent bond, contributing 6 electrons to the outer layer. l The negative charge on the ion adds 1 more electron. l The total number of electrons around the phosphorus atom is 5 + 6 + 1 = 12, or 6 bonding pairs.
Changing the concentration of a reactant or a product If the concentration of a substance changes, the reaction shifts position so as to oppose the concentration change. ’ Consider this example. The following process involving the formation of the ester methyl methanoate (HCOOCH3) has reached equilibrium: CH3OH(l) + HCOOH(l) ⇌ HCOOCH3(l) + H2O(l) l If the concentration of methanol, CH3OH, is increased by adding more moles of CH3OH, the position of equilibrium position moves to lower the concentration of the CH3OH — it shifts to the right-hand side to produce more ester.
Tested l Unit 1 Foundation chemistry 45 5 Alkanes Exam practice 1 The alkane pentane is a saturated hydrocarbon. [1] (b) Pentane burns completely in oxygen. [1] (d) A molecule of C9H20 can be cracked to form pentane and one other product. uk/myrevisionnotes 6 Energetics Enthalpy change, ∆H An enthalpy change, ∆H, is defined as the heat energy change at constant pressure. If the enthalpy change is a standard value, with the symbol ∆H⦵298, then particular conditions are specified: 100 kPa pressure and a temperature of 298 K.