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Extra resources for Evolutionary Psychology and Motivation (Nebraska Symposium on Motivation)
Example text
Buss, D. M. (1989). Sex differences in human mate selection: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 12, 1–49. Candolin, U. (1999). The relationship between signal quality and physical condition: Is sexual signalling honest in the three-spined stickleback? Animal Behaviour, 58, 1261–1267. , & Lima, S. (1985). Foraging juncos: Interaction of reward mean and variability. Animal Behaviour, 33, 216–224. , & Whittam, T. S. (1980). An empirical demonstration of risk-sensitive foraging preferences.
In practice, the concept of risk attitudes remains more behavioristic than cognitive. It is usually operationalized simply as risk avoidance or risk seeking, alternatives that could be mediated by any of various psychological processes, including adjustments of the subjective utilities of the outcomes or their subjective probabilities or both. Relatively few risk researchers have concerned themselves with such distinctions. Most are satisfied with performance measures and “as if” descriptions of the implied “decision rules,” partly because subjective utilities and probabilities need not even correspond to quantities that are actually computed in the heads of creatures who are exhibiting subtle adaptive modulations of their risky decisions.
S. dollars. (Data from Daly, Wilson, & Vasdev, 2000). is seldom extreme. One reason for high homicide rates in these relatively egalitarian societies is the absence of modern medicine, which makes a broader range of wounds life-threatening, but a possibly more important reason is the absence of police power and an effective system of disinterested third-party justice. Without effective police and judiciary, a credible threat of personal or kin violence is a crucial social asset regardless of one’s wealth or status, and the familiar tendency for violence to be primarily a recourse of the disadvantaged 28 evolutionary psychology and motivation Figure 8.