By H. Schmitz

Africa represents the subsequent frontier of the transnational politics of democratization. contemporary efforts to advertise human rights and democracy have yielded a combined list of luck. A comparability of regime switch in Kenya and Uganda finds how principled interventions have unintended antagonistic results at the democratic reform procedure.

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Potential critics of the new regime were offered a choice of either accepting their inclusion under Moi’s terms or being repressed. The Luo Oginga Odinga and other former KPU politicians were barred from running in the 1979 general elections unless they joined KANU. The efforts to integrate Odinga into the system of patronage ended in April 1980 when it became clear that he was unwilling to end his outspoken criticism of US military presence without parliamentary consent (ACR, Vol. 2 In July 1980, all societal organizations promoting only the interests of one ethnicity were banned.

Limits of an elite perspective An agency-centered perspective puts emphasis on the choices of leaders and elites. The emergence of democracy is explained on a ‘shoestring,’ since it does not require any normative commitments and altruistic behavior. Elites simply maximize their interests under uncertainty, and democratization happens to be the most compatible course of action. Only democratic institutions guarantee all parties that they do not permanently lose power to their enemies. This explanation of democratization demands little and is appealing because it can account for changes in behavior of authoritarian leaders without having to assume their sudden conversion to democratic values.

Third, transnational scholarship has broadened its focus beyond the study of principled activism to include networks with questionable or outright destructive goals (Price 2003: 601) Fourth, the literature increasingly moves beyond crude assumptions about the principled character of transnational activism and treats their 22 Transnational Mobilization and Domestic Regime Change strategies and goals as an open empirical question. Just like states and corporations, transnational NGOs are exposed to competition in a marketplace shaped by desires for organizational survival and growth (Cooley and Ron 2002).

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