By Angelique Janssens (editor)
This choice of essays seems on the origins and growth of alternative styles of breadwinning in either western and non-western historical past. As a suite it presents new insights into the historic and cross-cultural improvement of the male breadwinner kin and its determinants, and, as such, it offers a tremendous contribution to the continuing debate on styles of breadwinning. a huge variety of things formerly undervalued within the debate are thought of: the results of neighborhood labour markets in interplay with kin thoughts and kin values; employers' options and the results of capital accumulation and the increase of overseas advertisement networks; the results of egalitarian communist ideologies; and the differential ways that sleek welfare states have been built. the amount demands a renewed study attempt in an effort to reconstruct the male breadwinner family members because the norm and to paintings in the direction of the combination of alternative explanatory versions.
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Additional info for The Rise and Decline of the Male Breadwinner Family?: Studies in Gendered Patterns of Labour Division and Household Organisation (International Review of Social History Supplements (No. 5))
Example text
But was this decline simply the result of decreasing participation or was it the case that even considering only women who worked, their relative earnings were not maintained? 40 Except for the wives of factory workers, married women who earned in 1816-1840 added larger percentage shares to incomes than those who worked after 1840. Women's earnings relative to men's earnings followed the same occupationally specific trends. The variation in relative earnings power over time and across occupations might help to explain the patterns in participation.
From a rather uniform picture at the end of the eighteenth century, with wives contributing 3 to 10 per cent of family income across occupations, untidy and occupationally specific patterns developed: a fairly steady decline in high-wage agriculture and mining; growth and then decline in low-wage agriculture and outwork; perhaps some increase in families whose heads were employed in factories though the lack of observations in the later periods make this little more than guesswork; and stability in the archetypal male-breadwinner families of artisans.
First, the proportional contributions of women and children must be seen in the context of their relative earnings. At a time when a woman could earn perhaps one-third to one-half of a man's daily wage, an adolescent child perhaps the same, and a young child somewhat less, the levels of contribution recorded here suggest that, even before addressing issues like self-provisioning in which women and children probably specialized, women's and children's relative contributions in time exceeded their relative contributions in money.