By Jack B. Nimble
Second variation, for tutorial reasons purely
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Extra resources for The Construction and Operation of Clandestine Drug Laboratories (2nd Edition)
Example text
It is recommended that an acoustic screen should be placed around the ultrasonic equipment - particularly in the case of powerful probe systems. This can take the form of a box lined with a sound absorbing material, say expanded polystyrene or polythene bubble wrapping. In the chemical laboratory a fume cupboard can be partially sound proofed in this way. 15) the door is equipped with a clear window for observing the reaction. The whole is mounted on wheels so that it can be moved around to wherever it is needed.
G. Co-60 187) that produces a known concentration of HQ· in aqueous solution. 41 Dosimetry for ultrasonic systems Sec. 9] Mason et al. reported the response of the TA dosimeter with different ultrasonic sources and frequencies. They employed probe systems operating at 20, 40 or 60kHz [45]. Ultrasonic power measurements were monitored using the calorimetric method. It was reported that under constant sonication conditions the measured fluorescence was directly proportional to exposure time. e. it appears that radicals are produced more efficiently at higher frequencies.
This bar is placed concentrically in the centre of a tube through which the medium flows. Flow systems are best for processes that need only a short sonication time since the residence time is not very long. They allow a high processing throughput. The penetration depth of ultrasound decreases strongly with increasing frequency. Therefore, batch reactors are not suitable at high frequency. In this situation a flow loop with or without recirculation can be used. 3 The safety of sonocbemical equipment There is perhaps a temptation to think that if you cannot hear a noise it cannot be harmful.