By Bernhard Hurch
Even if a slightly marginal phenomenon in Indo-European languages, in such a lot different language households reduplication performs a major position within the association of morphology. The repetition of (some a part of) a be aware or stem or affix usually expresses plurality, distributivity, depth, a verbal point and aktionsart, but additionally diminution, attenuation, or others. This quantity collects a sequence of articles which in a fertile dialogue transcend the boundaries of unmarried theories and supply remedies of the main varied facets from formal and useful views, semantics, morphology, and phonology, in numerous fields of linguistics (sign language, language acquisition, comparative studies), in addition to unique reports of a variety of languages from assorted components of the area.
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Accordingly, if a particular construction involves more than two copies, we may conclude that it is likely to be an instance of repetition; however, we cannot rule out the possibility that it may involve reduplication. Indeed, as we shall see below, Riau Indonesian offers a clear cut case of a language with productive multiple reduplication. The six criteria presented in Table 1 and discussed in the preceding paragraphs are recapitulated in the form of explicit diagnostic tests in Table 2 below: From repetition to reduplication in Riau Indonesian 37 Table 2.
As a result, when communicative reinforcement is present we may conclude that we have an instance of repetition; however, when communicative reinforcement is absent this criterion does not distinguish between repetition and reduplication. The next criterion is of a semantic nature, pertaining to the meanings, if any, associated with repetition and reduplication. Repetition is often devoid of any meaning whatsoever. (By "meaning" I mean the term in the narrow sense associated with linguistic semantics, not in any of the broader senses associated with poetics, semiotics, and other disciplines).
Wilson Press. Unseth, Pete 1991 Reduplication in Majang. In Proceedings of the Third Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, Franz Rottland and Lucia N. ) Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag. Van den Berg, Helma 1995 A Grammar of Hunzib. Lincom Studies in Caucasian Linguistics 1. Munich: Lincom Europa. Walker, Dale F. 1976 Grammar of the Lampung Language. Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri NUSA [Linguistic Studies in Indonesian and Languages of Indonesia], Zepeda, Ofelia 1983 A Papago Grammar. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.