By Stanley P. Gudder (Auth.)
Quantum chance is a refined combination of quantum mechanics and classical likelihood thought. Its vital principles may be traced to the pioneering paintings of Richard Feynman in his course critical formalism.
Only lately have the concept that and concepts of quantum likelihood been provided in a rigorous axiomatic framework, and this publication offers a coherent and complete exposition of this strategy. It supplies a unified therapy of operational records, generalized degree thought and the trail necessary formalism that could in basic terms be present in scattered examine articles.
The first chapters survey the required history in quantum mechanics and likelihood conception and for that reason the ebook in all fairness self-contained, assuming simply an hassle-free wisdom of linear operators in Hilbert area.
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Extra resources for Quantum Probability
Sample text
We now consider the question of when a sequence of probability measures contains a weakly convergent subsequence. Let M be a family of probabiUty measure on (R,B(R)). We call M relatively compact if every sequence of elements of M contains a weakly convergent subsequence (the subsequence need not converge to an element of M). We say that M is tight if for any ε > 0 there exists a compact set K C R such that μ(Κ) > 1 — ε for all μ € M. It can be shown that M is tight if and only if M is relatively compact [Billingsley, 1968].
Let μη be probability measures on (R, B(R)) and let ψη be their characteristic functions. Suppose that lim φη(λ) = ψ(λ) n—κχ> exists for all A G R, and that ψ is continuous at 0. Then there exists a prob ability measure μ on (R, B(R)) which has ψ as its characteristic function and μη => μ. Proof. We first show that the family {μη} is tight. Let ε > 0. 27). Applying the dominated convergence theorem yields a'1 [ Ja [ΐ-ψη(λ)]άλ<ε for n sufficiently large. 27 gives μη([-2α-1,2α"1])>1-ε for n sufficiently large.
N. In this case the Hilbert space for the composite system becomes <8>Hi. 2 can be derived from a single more basic axiom if we begin immediately with a probabilistic structure on Hilbert space. This framework also shows that quantum mechanics is a general ization of classical probability theory. The basic axiom takes the events of a physical system as primitive axiomatic elements. The events corre spond to physical phenomena which either occur or do not occur. (Events are also called propositions.