By D. R. Hill (eds.)

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Copper is sometimes added. Some metals are unsuitable in relation to the photon energies in use,as characteristic absorption also takes place, which may occur at the short wavelengths required. Wedge shaped filters can also be used to even out exposures when radiographs are taken over a large area of the body which requires different exposure factors in various regions. 5. 13 Scattering of X-rays Scattering of X-rays was met in the Compton effect (5 Fig. 2). This causes an attenuation in the intensity of the primary X-ray beam in the forward direction.

Mass per unit volume) of these substances differ considerably. For example, the density of water is about 775 times greater than air at 0° C and 760 mm Hg. Thus 775 times more X-ray energy is absorbed per unit volume, although the same energy is absorbed per unit mass. As the absorption is proportional to the density, there is a direct relationship between ionisation of air and tissue. As there is also a relationship between the energy absorbed and the biological effect of X-rays, the degree of ionisation may be regarded as a measure of the biological effect in tissue.

However. the relation between these two attenuation factors varies according to the wavelength of the primary beam and the atomic number of the absorbing body. For all objects, an increase in photon energy produces an increase in the amo~nt of scatter, compared with the amount absorbed. For elements with a low atomic number the tendency to scatter rather than absorb, is realised at lower photon energies than is the case for heavier elements. The term preferred by the International Commission for Radiological Units for absorption is, in fact, "attenuation".

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