By Claudia Steinem, Andreas Janshoff
Chemically and biologically functionalized piezoelectric sensors are appealing possible choices to surface-sensitive transducers as a result of their surpassing versatility. The fourth quantity of the Springer sequence on Chemical Sensors and Biosensors features a accomplished theoretical therapy and present state-of-the artwork purposes of the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). Interface circuits and the research of viscoelasticity and micromechanics in addition to floor roughness with the QCM are mentioned. The large box of analytical purposes of piezoelectric sensors is roofed, which levels from nucleic acid detection, immunosensors, protein-membrane interactions and tracking cells by means of imprinted polymers to the viscoelastic reaction of residing mammalian cells on QCM-resonators. refined derivatives of the classical QCM, comparable to rupture occasion scanning, using remarkable excessive frequency crystals, and electrochemical QCM, basically exhibit some great benefits of combining a number of thoughts to gain new detection schemes at the foundation of piezoelectric resonators.
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Sample text
The DDS output signal is a staircase sine wave with a typical pulse amplitude modulation spectrum containing the desired frequency, f , and, additionally, artifacts at 100 MHz ± f . These artifacts are suppressed with a fourth-order Cauer filter, thus obtaining a harmonic excitation signal for the voltage divider. The filter is optimized for a measurement frequency of f = 10 MHz, having two notches at 90 and 110 MHz for suppressing the first two artifacts. The voltage divider is fed at adjustable amplitude and the voltage across the Fig.
Provided that the capacitance compensation is effective, the zero-phase frequency is always equal to the sensor series resonance frequency fs , irrespective of the load. For that purpose, the quartz crystal is simultaneously excited at two frequencies. The response at the lower frequency is processed by a feedback loop dedicated to measure and automatically compensate C0∗ . The response at the higher frequency is processed by a phase-locked loop that continuously maintains and tracks oscillations at fs .
100 A Derivation of the Butterworth–van Dyke Equivalent Circuit . . . . 100 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 D. Johannsmann Abstract The chapter summarizes the standard model of how acoustic multilayers interact with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM).