By Alison Wadeley, Ann Birch, Tony Malim (auth.)
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Briefly outline some of the issues which concern physiological psychologists. 2. What do you understand by the mind/body problem? 3. Briefly describe three pieces of research carried out by physiological psychologists. 4. What are the strengths and limitations of the physiological approach? SECTION II THE PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH The psychodynamic approach focuses largely on the role of motivation and past experiences in the development of personality and, hence, behaviour. It has arisen from Freud's psychoanalytic theory, a brief outline of which has already been given in Chapter 1.
2. Briefly explain how Skinner applied the principles of operant conditioning to programmed learning. 3. Describe one behavioural therapy based on the principles of classical conditioning and one based on the principles of operant conditioning. 4. Briefly evaluate the behaviourist approach. SECTION IV THE COGNITIVE APPROACH The cognitive approach contrasts sharply with that of both the psychoanalysts, with their emphasis upon the importance of the unconscious mind, and the behaviourists, who focus largely upon the links between external events and behaviours.
The facilitator (not 'therapist') attempts to create a warm, accepting atmosphere in which this can happen. Unlike the situation in other kinds of therapy, the facilitator is not an expert, authority figure and the therapy is nondirective. The aim is to help clients clarify their thoughts on problems to gain greater insight into them. This greater understanding helps the client to recognise his/her own strengths and limitations and is very often accompanied by an increase in self-esteem. Along with this, a clearer understanding of constraints which are real, as opposed to imagined or self-imposed, can eventually help the client to decide how to act.