By Knut Mørken

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3 Formulate an algorithm which describes how you multiply together two three-digit numbers. You may assume that it is known how to add numbers . 19 20 Part I Numbers 21 CHAPTER 2 0 and 1 ’0 and 1’ may seem like an uninteresting title for this first proper chapter, but most readers probably know that at the most fundamental level computers always deal with 0s and 1s. Here we will first learn about some of the advantages of this, and then consider some of the mathematics of 0 and 1. 1 Robust communication Suppose you are standing at one side of a river and a friend is standing at the other side, 500 meters away; how can you best communicate with your friend in this kind of situation, assuming you have no aids at your disposal?

The beginning of the definition simply states that any natural number greater than 1 can be used as a base. In the decimal system we use the digits 0–9 to write down numbers, and in any numeral system we need digits that can play a similar role. If the base is 10 or less it is natural to use the obvious subset of the decimal digits as numerals. If the base is 2 we use the two digits n 0 = 0 and n 1 = 1; if the base is 5 we use the five digits n 0 = 0, n 1 = 1, n 2 = 2, n 3 = 3 and n 4 = 4. However, if the base is greater than 10 we have a challenge in how to choose numerals for the numbers 10, 11, .

Many other mathematical operations, like for example addition and multiplication of numbers, also have this property, and it therefore has its own name; we say that the operators ∧ and ∨ are associative. The associativity also holds when we have longer expressions: If the operators are either all ∧ or all ∨, the result is independent of the order in which we apply the operators. What about the third operator, ⊕ (exculsive or), is this also associative? If we consider the two expressions (p ⊕ q) ⊕ r, p ⊕ (q ⊕ r ), the question is whether they are always equal.

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