By Henryk Kozlowski;David R Brown;Gianni Valensin

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Contrary to what occurs in Menkes’ disease, in Wilson’s disease the blood concentration of Cu becomes unusually high when the liver, damaged by Cu accumulation, releases the metal directly into the bloodstream. Thus, Cu ions are carried throughout the body, damaging other organs. Wilson’s patients with neurological symptoms show elevated Cu levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). One of the most significant advances in recent years has been the linking of a series of neurodegenerative diseases to alterations in the metabolism of copper.

Apel. , 1991, 16, 172. C. B. Denman, Curr. Top. , 1984, 24, 153. J. Henriksson and H. Tja¨lve, Toxicol. , 2000, 55, 392. M. , Exp. , 1998, 149, 277. CHAPTER 3 Metal Ion-Induced Redox Reactions, Oxidative Stress and Possible Impact on Neurodegeneration Oxygen is one of the critical molecules for life processes. However, its metabolites, the reactive oxygen species (ROS), are very toxic to cells. Postmortem examination of the brain tissues of the patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) or Parkinson disease (PD) clearly shows the high level of damage caused by ROSinducing reactions.

100 mtDNA is located close to the site of mitochondrial ROS production, which seems to be mainly complex I involving FeS clusters. 102 This effect may result from the fact that rotenone is a selective complex I inhibitor causing the increase of the oxidation stress in mitochondrion, but the systemic administration of rotenone does not lead to serious mitochondrial dysfunction. A reduced form of glutathione (GSH), a very effective reducing agent, plays an important role during the oxidation process.

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