By Homer, Stanley Lombardo
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Additional resources for Iliad
Sample text
In responding to Priam's plea, Achilles displays and affirms a form of human achievement that is far removed from the energetic initiatives of the battlefield: the patient endurance of suffering. This is the quality that Ajax speaks of in Book 9, when Achilles is unready to hear him, and Ajax's sentiments are recalled in Book 24 by Apollo as he and the other gods condemn Achilles' mistreatment of Hector's body. A man may lose someone dearer than Achilles has, A brother from the same womb, or a son, But when he has wept and mourned, he lets go.
The characters in the story are seen as belonging to a superior, even semidivine breed that no longer exists, and they perform actions that no living person could duplicate. 328-30). It also informs the poem's frequent use of similes, which assimilate the distant world of heroic combat to a more ordinary, everyday world familiar to the poem's audience. The Trojan legend is a story of large-scale destruction. It includes not only the annihilation of Troy, but the many disruptions, almost as devastating as what they have inflicted on the Trojans, experienced by the Greeks as they return: they are blown off course and lost at sea, or they make it back, only to find their homes in turmoil and their own positions there under attack.
THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT In considering the self-presentation of the Iliad's poet and his stance toward the story he tells, it would obviously be helpful to know something about the person who composed the poem and the circumstances under which it was produced. In fact, we know much less than we would like to about how and when the Iliad came into being. Ancient tradition attributed the poem to Homer, who was also considered responsible for another epic about the Trojan legend, the Odyssey, which tells about the return of the Greeks from Troy, and several shorter poems about the gods; but we have no reliable information about Homer that can contribute to an understanding of these works.