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2003). (e) At PN 14, virtually all cells in the ONL showed immunoreactivity. Photoreceptor outer segments and the OPL were distinctly immunoreactive. In addition certain cells in the INL (bipolar cells) were also immunoreactive. (f) Immunoreactivity in the adult retina is comparable with that at PN 14. Immunoreactivity is seen in ONL and certain bipolar cells in the INL (see inset). , 1995). It is noteworthy that ganglion cells, which are the first cells to be born, show the maximal central‐to‐peripheral gradient.
A, Amacrine cells; B, bipolar cells; C, cone photoreceptor cells; G, ganglion cells; H, horizontal cells; I, interplexiform cells; M, Mu¨ller cells; PE, pigment epithelium; R, rod photoreceptor cell; INL, inner nuclear layer; IPL, inner plexiform layer; ONL, outer nuclear layer; Ph, photoreceptors; RPE, RPE (Reproduced with permission from the publishers of Sharma and Ehinger, 2003) 9 Development of Functional Organization in the Retina In addition to its distinctive molecular, cellular, and histological organization, the retina also follows the basic functional organization of other special sensory systems, including the use of receptor cells to send sensory information encoded in graded potentials and action potentials along a series of neuronal relays to the appropriate cortical receiving areas.
Most prominently, this variation is caused by the development of specialized regions such as area centralis (or fovea in primates). Much of the ‘‘general‐purpose’’ retina (serving the purposes of low visual acuity and motion detection), typically in the mid‐periphery, shows that the packing densities of the cells are related to each other. Their ratios can be correlated with the number of cell divisions that the progenitor cells would have to go through to achieve the observed cell number. The densities of Mu¨ller cells are strikingly similar in all mammalian retinas, with the central‐to‐peripheral ratio being in the range of 2:1 except in highly specialized regions.