By Daljit Singh Sahota, E Malcolm Symonds, Mang Zing Allan Chang
This quantity summarizes a century of analysis and sensible functions in foetal electrocardiography. even supposing foetal ECG is most typically used for the calculation of foetal center charges, different parameters were hired within the prediction of foetal acidons. The e-book provides new methods to the translation and research of the foetal ECG sign and discusses attainable new methods to the medical exploitation of job of the foetal middle. The authors have made a variety of contributions to the learn of foetal electrocardiography over the past 3 a long time.
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Additional info for Fetal Electrocardiography (Series in Cardiopulmonary Medicine)
Sample text
Any change to this threshold alters the number of true and false positives and negatives, and hence the performance of the test. A number of conventions exist on how the threshold of a continuous predictor test should be determined after studying the reference data set. The most commonly used is a measurement two standard deviations from the mean of the normal (outcome negative) population, and using this to separate "normal" from "abnormal" values. Threshold can also be the value that produces the maximum Youden index or accuracy, in the belief that this will minimise error.
Increased PCO, Hypercarbia Increased PO, Hypoglycaemia Increased ketoacids Decreased pH (Acidosis) ) _ Haemoglobin shift -+• Increased lactic acid Hypoxia J. J. Decreased oxygen saturation Decreased PO, Fig. 2. Relationship between adverse metabolic events and blood gases. Fetal Adaptation 35 Acidosis is caused by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration and this results in the displacement of oxygen from the haemoglobin molecule which in turn results in a reduction in oxygen saturation of haemoglobin and an increase in p0 2 .
Cellular Effects of Hypoxia Oxygen radicals The biology of oxidative stress has been well described (Ceballos-Picot, 1997), and the following is a brief summary. ATP is reduced to ADP during vital cellular chemical reactions and, in so doing, provides the necessary energy to fuel these reactions. ADP is converted to ATP during intermediary metabolism, completing the energy cycle. A failure in metabolism results in an accumulation of ADP (Fig. 4), and this in turn is broken down into hypoxanthine.