By Robert A. Sickler
An easy-to-understand primer at the nature of detonations, in addition to a concise examine the concepts that execs use to maximise the functionality of basic and secondary explosives to get any task performed correct. A needs to for powder monkeys. for info reasons merely.
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Additional info for Explosive Principles : An Essential Guide to Understanding Explosives and Detonations
Example text
But, it was impossible to carry out this advantageous process for lack of a proper method of molecular photoexcitation. Photoexcitation up to the dissociation limit would require the use of multifrequency IR laser radiation since the series of vibrational-rotational transitions are not all equal in energy. For the time being the present niveau of tunable-laser engineering does not enable one to do this. 51, 52]. Richly structured vibrational-rotational transitions in polyatomic molecules allow the absorption of a very large number of IR photons if the laser field is of sufficient intensity.
It was proposed to use this effect for the selective excitation of the even or odd isotopes of Hg, Sr, Ba, Zn and Cd. For such selective excitation of nuclear spin there is a large shift in spectral lines, much larger than the normal isotopic shift. After excitation the nucleus sometimes falls into a state with a lifetime comparable to or longer than that of the electronic excitation. In principle, atoms with such long-living (on a nuclear scale) nuclei (called isomeric nuclei) can also be selectively excited.
Secondly, the total probability of exciting A from the ground state to an excited one with the energy E > Ea essentially depends on the excitation rate and hence, on the excitation conditions. Both in multi-photon and multi-step excitation the particles go through a number of intermediate states which have certain relaxation rates. That is why pulsed conditions of excitation with pulse times 'exc shorter than the relaxation time 'K of any of the intermediate states are more preferable. Still a considerable fraction of particles remains in those intermediate states with an energy E < Ea , so that for these molecules the light is wasted.