By L.A. Dissado

The booklet is in 5 elements: half I introduces the actual and chemical constitution of polymers and their breakdown; half II reports electric degradation in polymers, and half III stories conduction and deterministic breakdown in solids. half IV discusses the stochastic nature of break-down from empirical and modelling viewpoints, and half V shows functional implications and methods for engineers. a lot of the dialogue applies to non-crystalline fabrics quite often

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Complicated molecules however, or those with large side groups, may not easily be able to arrange themselves Introduction to polymers and electrical breakdown 13 in a close-packed fashion during the crystallisation process (especially as this most coijimonly takes place during very quick solidification from the melt during forming or moulding operations) and may display little or no crystallinity. In some cases it may be possible to promote crystallisation in these materials by altering the crystallisation conditions.

At 20°C. 3 different techniques can be used to establish the crystallinity and may yield slightly different results since they sample the structure in different ways. 2 Permanganic etching In the early 1980s, permanganic etching techniques became a popular method for revealing the spherulitic structure of polymers21>28~32 particularly of polyethylene and crosslinked polyethylene. However there is considerable evidence from small-angle light scattering (SALS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy, and chlorosulphonic etching that the 'spherulites' observed using early permanganic etching techniques were, in fact, artifacts which Bamji et al.

19 used compression-moulded 20 fim thick films of peroxide-crosslinked polyethylene in which they found spherulites of 4—5 /xm diameter using small-angle light scattering and optical microscopy whereas permanganic etching by the same workers revealed structures with an average diameter of about 11 /xm. Similar sized spherulites were also found in compression-moulded polyethylene specimens by Stevens and Swingler15. In the case of polypropylene the situation was reversed with the true spherulites being much larger (100 /xm) than nodules found by etching (~30 ^tm).

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