By Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw
Authored via popular researchers and veteran lecturers, An advent to mind and behaviour is helping scholars attach nervous-system task to human behaviour. Drawing at the most up-to-date study and revealing case reviews, this 4th variation encompasses a new subject matter of epigenetics, improved pedagogy, and up-to-date assurance all through.
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Additional resources for An Introduction to Brain and Behavior (4th Edition)
Sample text
Jacobson believed that, even when we think we are entirely motionless, we still make subliminal movements related to our thoughts. The muscles of the larynx subliminally move when we “think in words,” for instance, and we make subliminal movements of our eyes when we imagine or visualize a scene. So, in Jacobson’s experiment, people practiced “total” relaxation and were later asked what the experience was like. They reported a condition of “mental emptiness,” as if the brain had gone blank ( Jacobson, 1932).
He examined the effects of sensory deprivation, including feedback from movement, by having each subject lie on a bed in a bare, soundproof room and remain completely still. Padded tubes covered the subjects’ arms so that they had no sense of touch, and translucent goggles cut off their vision. The subjects reported that the experience was extremely unpleasant, not just because of the social isolation but also because they lost their normal focus in this situation. Some subjects even hallucinated, as if their brains were somehow trying to create the sensory experiences that they suddenly lacked.
Of the five kingdoms of living organisms illustrated in this cladogram, only the one most recently evolved, Animalia, contains species with muscles and nervous systems. It is noteworthy that muscles and nervous systems evolved together to underlie the forms of movement (behavior) that distinguish members of the animal kingdom. ganglia Collection of nerve cells that function somewhat like a brain. chordate Animal that has both a brain and a spinal cord. indd 16 Taxonomy classifies groups of living organisms into increasingly specific, subordinate groups.